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Research Article

Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Hate Speech Detection

Mohini Chakarverti1
Assistant Professor, Bennett University, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Published Online: March-April 2023

Pages: 273-278

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Abstract

Abstract: Social media and other large online communication venues allow users to express themselves freely and occasionally anonymously. While having the right to express oneself freely is a value-laden human right, inciting and disseminating hatred against another group is a misuse of this freedom. The HS detection pipeline starts with the dataset gathering and preparation stage. Social media sites like Face book, YouTube, Twitter, and others are often used to collect data. Pre-processing is done in accordance with the quality and structure of the dataset. The artificial intelligence plays important role for the hate speech detection. The artificial intelligence based techniques is designed in the last years for the hate speech detection. In this paper various techniques for hate speech detection is reviewed and analysed in terms of various parameters. Key Word: Artificial Intelligence, Hate Speech Detection, Data Labelling. References [1] N. Shawkat, J. Simpson and J. Saquer, "Evaluation of Different ML and Text Processing Techniques for Hate Speech Detection," 2022 4th International Conference on Data Intelligence and Security (ICDIS), Shenzhen, China, 2022, pp. 213-219 [2] N. S. Mullah and W. M. N. W. Zainon, "Advances in Machine Learning Algorithms for Hate Speech Detection in Social Media: A Review," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 88364-88376, 2021 [3] B. R. Amrutha and K. R. Bindu, "Detecting Hate Speech in Tweets Using Different Deep Neural Network Architectures," 2019 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICCS), Madurai, India, 2019, pp. 923-926 [4] G. H. Panchala, V. V. S Sasank, D. R. HarshithaAdidela, P. Yellamma, K. Ashesh and C. Prasad, "Hate Speech & Offensive Language Detection Using ML &NLP," 2022 4th International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT), Tirunelveli, India, 2022, pp. 1262-1268, [5] P. K. Roy, A. K. Tripathy, T. K. Das and X. -Z. Gao, "A Framework for Hate Speech Detection Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 204951-204962, 2020 [6] Rahul, V. Gupta, V. Sehra and Y. R. Vardhan, "Ensemble Based Hinglish Hate Speech Detection," 2021 5th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS), Madurai, India, 2021, pp. 1800-1806 [7] M. U. S. Khan, A. Abbas, A. Rehman and R. Nawaz, "HateClassify: A Service Framework for Hate Speech Identification on Social Media," in IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 40-49, 1 Jan.-Feb. 2021 [8] Rahul, V. Gupta, V. Sehra and Y. R. Vardhan, "Hindi-English Code Mixed Hate Speech Detection using Character Level Embeddings," 2021 5th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC), Erode, India, 2021, pp. 1112-1118 [9] U. A. N. Rohmawati, S. W. Sihwi and D. E. Cahyani, "SEMAR: An Interface for Indonesian Hate Speech Detection Using Machine Learning," 2018 International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems (ISRITI), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2018, pp. 646-651 [10] O. Oriola and E. Kotzé, "Evaluating Machine Learning Techniques for Detecting Offensive and Hate Speech in South African Tweets," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 21496-21509, 2020 [11] S. A. Kokatnoor and B. Krishnan, "Twitter Hate Speech Detection using Stacked Weighted Ensemble (SWE) Model," 2020 Fifth International Conference on Research in Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (ICRCICN), Bangalore, India, 2020, pp. 87-92 [12] H. Rathpisey and T. B. Adji, "Handling Imbalance Issue in Hate Speech Classification using Sampling-based Methods," 2019 5th International Conference on Science in Information Technology (ICSITech), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2019, pp. 193-198 [13] K. Mnassri, P. Rajapaksha, R. Farahbakhsh and N. Crespi, "BERT-based Ensemble Approaches for Hate Speech Detection," GLOBECOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2022, pp. 4649-4654 [14] M. Z. Ali, Ehsan-Ul-Haq, S. Rauf, K. Javed and S. Hussain, "Improving Hate Speech Detection of Urdu Tweets Using Sentiment Analysis," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 84296-84305, 2021 [15] A. Alhothali and K. Moria, “Detection of Hate Speech using BERT and Hate Speech Word Embedding with Deep Model”, Applied Artificial Intelligence, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 2023 [16] S. Alsafari, S. Sadaoui and M. Mouhoub, "Deep Learning Ensembles for Hate Speech Detection," 2020 IEEE 32nd International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI), Baltimore, MD, USA, 2020, pp. 526-531 [17] M. Alowaidi, “Hate Speech Detection Using Modified Principal Component Analysis and Enhanced Convolution Neural Network on Twitter Dataset”, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 363-374, January 2023 [18] Y. Kim, S. Park and Y.-S. Han, “Generalizable Implicit Hate Speech Detection using Contrastive Learning”, 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, October 12–17, 2022, pp. 6667–6679 [19] G. Koushik, K. Rajeswari and S. K. Muthusamy, "Automated Hate Speech Detection on Twitter," 2019 5th International Conference On Computing, Communication, Control And Automation (ICCUBEA), Pune, India, 2019, pp. 1-4 [20] T. Turki and S. S. Roy, “Novel Hate Speech Detection Using Word Cloud Visualization and Ensemble Learning Coupled with Count Vectorizer”, Applied Sciences, vol. 10, pp. 145-151, 2022 [21] H. M. S. T. Sandaruwan, S. A. S. Lorensuhewa and M. A. L. Kalyani, "Sinhala Hate Speech Detection in Social Media using Text Mining and Machine learning," 2019 19th International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer), Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2019, pp. 1-8 [22] A. Chopra, D. K. Sharma, A. Jha And U. Ghosh, “A Framework for Online Hate Speech Detection on Code Mixed Hindi-English Text and Hindi Text in Devanagari”,ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 53-62, 20 October 2022 [23] P. K. Roy, A. K. Tripathy, T. K. Das and X. -Z. Gao, "A Framework for Hate Speech Detection Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 204951-204962, 2020 [24] F.Y. Al Anezi, “Arabic Hate Speech Detection Using Deep Recurrent Neural Networks”, Applied Sciences, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 4335-4344, 2022

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