Current - Issue
Original Article
Benchmarking Latency in Hybrid Cryptographic Architectures: A Java-Based Analysis of Post-Quantum Readiness
Dr. Channakeshava RN1
1 Department of Computer Science, HPPC Government First Grade College, Challakere, Karnataka, India.
Published Online: May-June 2026
Pages: 327-334
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijire.20250602034
References
1. Grover, L. K. (1996). A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search. Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, 212–219. https://doi.org/10.1145/237814.237866
2. Shor, P. W. (1994). Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1109/SFCS.1994.365700
3. National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2024). Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Standard (FIPS PUB 203). U.S. Department of Commerce. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.203
4. National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2024). Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard (FIPS PUB 204). U.S. Department of Commerce. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.204
5. National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2024). Stateless Hash-Based Digital Signature Standard (FIPS PUB 205). U.S. Department of Commerce. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.205
6. National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence. (2023). Migration to Post-Quantum Cryptography Quantum Readiness: Testing Draft Standards (NIST SP 1800-38C). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
7. Bindel, N., Brendel, J., Fischlin, M., Günther, F., & Stebila, D. (2019). Hybrid key encapsulation mechanisms and electron transport layer security. International Journal of Information Security, 18(6), 759–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-019-00448-y
8. Panja, S., Sharifian, S., Jiang, S., & Safavi-Naini, R. (2024). CCA-Secure Hybrid Encryption in Correlated Randomness Model and KEM Combiners. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2401.00983 Cited by: 4
9. Ahmed, N., Zhang, L., & Gangopadhyay, A. (2025). A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography Support in Cryptographic Libraries. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.16078 Cited by: 19
10. Hekkala, J., Halunen, K., & Vallivaara, V. (2022). Implementing Post-quantum Cryptography for Developers. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy, 73–83. https://doi.org/10.5220/0010786200003120 Cited by: 49
11. Shaw, A. (2026). Bridging the Post-Quantum Production Gap with a Hybrid-by-Default Python Cryptography Library. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2605.17061
12. Varcasia, D., & Amoretti, M. (2026). Integrating Post-Quantum Cryptography Within Existing Public Key Infrastructures for Complex Corporate Ecosystems. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 4198, 112–125.
13. Alkim, E., Ducas, L., Pöppelmann, T., & Schwabe, P. (2016). Post-quantum key exchange—a new hope. USENIX Security Symposium, 327–343.
14. Bos, J. W., Costello, C., Naehrig, M., & Stebila, D. (2014). Post-quantum key exchange for the TLS protocol. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 953–964. https://doi.org/10.1145/2660267.2660311
15. Crockett, E., Paquin, C., & Stebila, D. (2023). Prototyping post-quantum and hybrid key exchange in SSH. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Article 2023/512.
16. Schwabe, P., Stebila, D., & Wiggers, T. (2020). Post-quantum TLS without handshake signatures. Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 1461–1480. https://doi.org/10.1145/3372297.3423350
17. Kampanakis, P., Panburana, P., Curcio, M., & Fernandes, C. (2021). Performance of hybrid post-quantum TLS handshakes. Computer Standards & Interfaces, 76, Article 103503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2021.103503
18. Paquin, C., Stebila, D., & Tamvada, G. (2020). Benchmarking post-quantum cryptography in TLS. Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 15–22.
19. Sikeridis, D., Kampanakis, P., & Devetsikiotis, M. (2020). Benchmarking post-quantum cryptography in TLS. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 17(6), 1311–1324. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2020.3011216
20. Such, M., Orozco, A., & Standard, J. (2026). Benchmarking Post-Quantum Signatures and KEMs on General-Purpose CPUs Using a TCP Client–Server Testbed. MDPI Computers, 15(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15020116
2. Shor, P. W. (1994). Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1109/SFCS.1994.365700
3. National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2024). Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Standard (FIPS PUB 203). U.S. Department of Commerce. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.203
4. National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2024). Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard (FIPS PUB 204). U.S. Department of Commerce. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.204
5. National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2024). Stateless Hash-Based Digital Signature Standard (FIPS PUB 205). U.S. Department of Commerce. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.205
6. National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence. (2023). Migration to Post-Quantum Cryptography Quantum Readiness: Testing Draft Standards (NIST SP 1800-38C). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
7. Bindel, N., Brendel, J., Fischlin, M., Günther, F., & Stebila, D. (2019). Hybrid key encapsulation mechanisms and electron transport layer security. International Journal of Information Security, 18(6), 759–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-019-00448-y
8. Panja, S., Sharifian, S., Jiang, S., & Safavi-Naini, R. (2024). CCA-Secure Hybrid Encryption in Correlated Randomness Model and KEM Combiners. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2401.00983 Cited by: 4
9. Ahmed, N., Zhang, L., & Gangopadhyay, A. (2025). A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography Support in Cryptographic Libraries. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.16078 Cited by: 19
10. Hekkala, J., Halunen, K., & Vallivaara, V. (2022). Implementing Post-quantum Cryptography for Developers. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy, 73–83. https://doi.org/10.5220/0010786200003120 Cited by: 49
11. Shaw, A. (2026). Bridging the Post-Quantum Production Gap with a Hybrid-by-Default Python Cryptography Library. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2605.17061
12. Varcasia, D., & Amoretti, M. (2026). Integrating Post-Quantum Cryptography Within Existing Public Key Infrastructures for Complex Corporate Ecosystems. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 4198, 112–125.
13. Alkim, E., Ducas, L., Pöppelmann, T., & Schwabe, P. (2016). Post-quantum key exchange—a new hope. USENIX Security Symposium, 327–343.
14. Bos, J. W., Costello, C., Naehrig, M., & Stebila, D. (2014). Post-quantum key exchange for the TLS protocol. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 953–964. https://doi.org/10.1145/2660267.2660311
15. Crockett, E., Paquin, C., & Stebila, D. (2023). Prototyping post-quantum and hybrid key exchange in SSH. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Article 2023/512.
16. Schwabe, P., Stebila, D., & Wiggers, T. (2020). Post-quantum TLS without handshake signatures. Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 1461–1480. https://doi.org/10.1145/3372297.3423350
17. Kampanakis, P., Panburana, P., Curcio, M., & Fernandes, C. (2021). Performance of hybrid post-quantum TLS handshakes. Computer Standards & Interfaces, 76, Article 103503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2021.103503
18. Paquin, C., Stebila, D., & Tamvada, G. (2020). Benchmarking post-quantum cryptography in TLS. Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 15–22.
19. Sikeridis, D., Kampanakis, P., & Devetsikiotis, M. (2020). Benchmarking post-quantum cryptography in TLS. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 17(6), 1311–1324. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2020.3011216
20. Such, M., Orozco, A., & Standard, J. (2026). Benchmarking Post-Quantum Signatures and KEMs on General-Purpose CPUs Using a TCP Client–Server Testbed. MDPI Computers, 15(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15020116
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